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Anabolic Steroids: What They Are, Uses, Side Effects & Risks


Anabolic Steroids: What You Need to Know


An anabolic steroid is a synthetic derivative of the male sex hormone testosterone that promotes the growth of skeletal muscle and other tissues. While they are sometimes used by athletes, body‑builders, or people with certain medical conditions, their use can have serious side effects—especially when taken without a prescription or in doses far above what would be medically justified.



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1. What Are Anabolic Steroids?



Term Definition


Anabolic "Building up" – stimulates protein synthesis and muscle growth.


Steroid A class of organic compounds that share a core ring structure; includes hormones, vitamins, etc.


Testosterone‑derived Most anabolic steroids are chemically modified versions of the hormone testosterone, designed to maximize muscle‑building effects while reducing estrogenic (breast‑growing) side effects.



Common Examples






Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) – early "classic" steroid.


Oxandrolone (Anavar) – mild anabolic effect; used for weight gain in illness.


Nandrolone decanoate (Deca‑Durabolin) – often used by athletes to enhance strength and muscle mass.




Usage




Medical: Treat growth failure, muscle wasting diseases, osteoporosis, etc.


Non‑medical: Bodybuilders, athletes, "fitness" enthusiasts seeking faster gains or improved physique.


Note: Many of these uses are not approved by regulatory bodies and can carry legal risks.





3. How Anabolic Steroids Work



Step What Happens


1. Hormone Binding The steroid enters a muscle cell via the plasma membrane (often aided by carrier proteins). Inside, it diffuses into the nucleus.


2. Receptor Activation It binds to an intracellular androgen receptor (AR); this hormone–receptor complex changes shape and becomes active.


3. Gene Transcription The complex travels to specific DNA sites called response elements, turning on genes that code for proteins involved in muscle growth, protein synthesis, and reducing protein breakdown.


4. Protein Production New proteins (myofibrils, structural proteins) are synthesized; the cell’s overall mass increases—this is hypertrophy.


5. Systemic Effects Elevated blood testosterone can also stimulate other tissues: bone density increases, red blood cells may rise, and fat distribution shifts.


Thus, anabolic steroids accelerate the body’s normal protein‑building pathways by hijacking transcriptional control, leading to larger muscle fibers and a more robust physique.



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2. Why Many Athletes Switch to Other Performance‑Enhancing Drugs (PEDs)



A. Regulatory Landscape



Drug Governing Body Status


Anabolic steroids World Anti‑Doping Agency (WADA), International Olympic Committee (IOC) Prohibited (Category A: "any steroid or anabolic agent")


Human Growth Hormone (HGH) WADA, IOC Prohibited (Category A)


Erythropoietin (EPO) WADA, IOC Prohibited (Category A)


Testosterone/androgenic steroids WADA, IOC Prohibited (Category A)


Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) Emerging category; WADA lists many SARMs in the Prohibited List Under scrutiny – often banned or under testing


> Source: International Olympic Committee "Prohibited List" 2023, International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) doping regulations.




1.2 How Doping Is Tested



Category Typical Test Method


Hormonal (e.g., testosterone, steroids) Urine assays for metabolites; blood tests for hormone ratios


Metabolic (e.g., synthetic anabolic agents) Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‑MS/MS); gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‑MS)


Biomarkers of doping (e.g., EPO, growth hormone) ELISA assays; immunoassays for protein detection


Genetic manipulation (e.g., CRISPR edits) Whole-genome sequencing to detect off‑target mutations



How CRISPR‑based editing could evade these tests





Potential evasion technique Feasibility Likelihood of detection


Silent, synonymous point mutations (no amino‑acid change) High – can be introduced at virtually any site. Low – no effect on protein; not screened unless targeted.


Insertion of a small DNA fragment encoding a regulatory element (e.g., promoter, enhancer) Moderate – requires HDR and a donor plasmid. Medium – if the insertion is in a known exon or intron, could be detected by PCR or sequencing panels.


Disruption of splice sites to alter splicing patterns High – many genes have alternative splice variants. Low – unless specifically assayed for splicing changes.


Targeting non‑coding RNAs that regulate the gene Moderate – requires knowledge of regulatory lncRNAs. Medium – not routinely screened.


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Suggested Strategy




Choose a target gene and identify an exon or intron that can be modified without altering coding sequence.


For example, use a silent mutation in exon 3 of the chosen gene.



Design sgRNA(s) that cut close to the site of desired change but leave no residual PAM in the final edited allele.



Use a single‑stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) as repair template:


Contain the silent mutation.
* Include ~50–70 bp homology arms on each side.





Deliver CRISPR/Cas9 components and ssODN to embryos via microinjection or electroporation.



Screen progeny by PCR and sequencing to confirm precise editing and absence of Cas9‑targeted sequences.



Validate that edited animals do not possess any Cas9 recognition sites; optionally, treat with CRISPR/Cas9 again to confirm resistance (i.e., no further cuts).



This workflow yields a clean, single‑base edit in the mouse genome without leaving behind foreign DNA or Cas9 target sites—precisely what is needed for studies where future genome editing must remain possible.

Mai Mccool, 19 years

Somatropin ist ein rekombinantes menschliches Wachstumshormon (hGH), das durch gentechnische Verfahren in Bakterien oder Hefezellen produziert wird. Es dient als Therapeutikum bei verschiedenen Erkrankungen, die mit einem Mangel an körpereigenem Wachstumshormon verbunden sind.



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Geschichte



Die Entdeckung des menschlichen Wachstumshormons erfolgte in den 1960er Jahren. Die erste kommerzielle Form von rekombinantem Somatropin wurde 1985 in den USA zugelassen und seitdem weltweit eingesetzt. Durch die Nutzung der Biotechnologie kann das Hormon nun in großen Mengen und hoher Reinheit hergestellt werden.



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Wirkungsweise



Somatropin bindet an spezifische Wachstumshormonspezifische Rezeptoren (GHR) auf Zelloberflächen. Dies aktiviert intrazelluläre Signalwege, die zur Synthese von Insulin-ähnlichem Wachstumsfaktor-1 (IGF-1) führen. IGF-1 vermittelt die meisten metabolischen und anabolen Effekte des Wachstumshormons.



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Indikationen



Wachstumshormonmangel bei Kindern und Erwachsenen
Prader–Willi-Syndrom
Laron-Syndrom (GHR-Mangel)
Chronische Niereninsuffizienz (in Kombination mit Vitamin D-Supplementierung)



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Dosierung und Anwendung



Die Dosierung richtet sich nach dem Körpergewicht, der Erkrankung und dem Ansprechen des Patienten. In der Regel wird Somatropin subkutan injiziert. Bei Kindern erfolgt die Behandlung häufig in höheren Dosen als bei Erwachsenen.



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Nebenwirkungen



Ödeme
Gelenkschmerzen
Hyperglykämie
Hypophysäres Adenom (bei übermäßiger Anwendung)



Langfristige Risiken, wie ein erhöhtes Krebsrisiko, sind weiterhin Gegenstand der Forschung.



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Rechtlicher Status



Somatropin ist in den meisten Ländern als verschreibungspflichtiges Medikament klassifiziert. Es wird von internationalen Gesundheitsorganisationen überwacht, um Missbrauch im Sport zu verhindern.



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Human Growth Hormone (HGH) ist ein körpereigenes Peptid, das von der Hirnanhangdrüse produziert wird und eine zentrale Rolle bei Wachstum, Stoffwechsel und Zellregeneration spielt. Es wirkt auf zahlreiche Gewebe im Körper und reguliert die Proteinsynthese, Lipolyse sowie den Glukosestoffwechsel. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat die medizinische Forschung das Verständnis von HGH stark vertieft und es ermöglichen, dass synthetisches HGH in der Therapie verschiedener Erkrankungen eingesetzt wird.



Inhaltsverzeichnis





Einführung in Human Growth Hormone


Physiologische Wirkungsweise


Klinische Indikationen für HGH-Therapie


Somatropin – die synthetische Form von HGH


Dosierung und Verabreichung


Nebenwirkungen und Risiken


Regulierung und rechtlicher Rahmen


Zukunftsperspektiven und Forschung



Einführung in Human Growth Hormone


Human Growth Hormone ist ein 191-Aminosäure-langes Peptid, das die Zellteilung und Proteinsynthese stimuliert. Es beeinflusst sowohl den anabolen als auch den katabolen Stoffwechsel. HGH wirkt indirekt über Insulinähnlichen Wachstumsfaktor 1 (IGF-1), der in Leber und anderen Geweben produziert wird.



Physiologische Wirkungsweise


HGH bindet an spezifische Rezeptoren auf Zelloberflächen, aktiviert die JAK/STAT-Signalwege und führt zur Genexpression von Wachstumsfaktoren. Im Muskelgewebe fördert es die Differenzierung von Myoblasten zu Muskelfasern. Im Fettgewebe erhöht es die Lipolyse, während im Knochen die Osteoblastaktivität gesteigert wird.



Klinische Indikationen für HGH-Therapie



Wachstumshormondefizienz bei Kindern und Erwachsenen


Prader-Willi-Syndrom


Klinefelter-Syndrom


Chronische Niereninsuffizienz (bei verminderter Hormonproduktion)


HIV-assoziierte Muskelschwäche


Sportmedizinische Anwendungen zur Regeneration, allerdings oft nicht zugelassen.



Somatropin – die synthetische Form von HGH



Somatropin ist ein rekombinantes menschliches Wachstumshormon, das genetisch in Bakterien oder Hefezellen produziert wird. Es besitzt exakt dieselbe Aminosäuresequenz wie das körpereigene Hormon und bindet somit zu gleichen Rezeptoren. Die Herstellung erfolgt unter streng kontrollierten Bedingungen, um Reinheit und biologische Aktivität sicherzustellen.



Dosierung und Verabreichung


Die Dosis richtet sich nach Alter, Körpergewicht, Diagnosen und individuellen Zielwerten des IGF-1-Spiegels. In der Regel wird Somatropin subkutan injiziert, häufig einmal täglich oder alle zwei Tage. Die Therapie beginnt mit niedrigen Dosen, die schrittweise erhöht werden, um Nebenwirkungen zu minimieren.



Nebenwirkungen und Risiken


Zu den häufigsten Nebenwirkungen gehören Ödeme, Gelenkschmerzen, Hyperglykämie und Kopfschmerzen. Langfristige Anwendungen können das Risiko für diabetische Komplikationen oder bestimmte Tumore erhöhen. Regelmäßige Bluttests zur Überwachung von IGF-1 und Blutzucker sind daher unerlässlich.



Regulierung und rechtlicher Rahmen


In den meisten Ländern ist Somatropin nur mit ärztlichem Rezept erhältlich. Der Missbrauch in der Sportwelt hat zu strengen Kontrollen geführt, und viele Organisationen führen HGH auf ihre Dopinglisten ein. Die Zulassung durch Gesundheitsbehörden erfolgt nach umfangreichen klinischen Studien zur Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit.



Zukunftsperspektiven und Forschung


Aktuelle Forschungsansätze untersuchen die Rolle von HGH in der Anti-Alterung, bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen und im Zusammenhang mit metabolischer Syndrombehandlung. Neue Verabreichungsformen wie transdermale Pflaster oder orale Peptidpräparate stehen noch vor technischen Herausforderungen, könnten jedoch die Therapieoptionen erweitern.

Somatropin bleibt ein zentrales Instrument in der modernen Endokrinologie, das auf wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen basiert und Patienten mit Wachstumshormondefiziten eine signifikante Verbesserung ihrer Lebensqualität ermöglicht.

Cleveland Moir, 19 years

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